1. The change of the physical paradigm for the nervous system occurred:
a - In the beginning of the 17th century, with the studies of William Gilbert on biomagnetism b - Around 1790, with the investigations of Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta and others about bioeletricity c - On the 20th century only, after electronics was developed d - None of the previous
2. The fact that the action potential has a small and finite duration and that it propatages along the nerve, was determined only when:
a - Sensitive galvanometers and devices for measurement of speed were developed in the second half of the 19th century b - More accurate electronic equipments were developed such as the oscilloscope and the high gain amplifier, in the second decade of the 20th century
3. The several scientific facts about the role of ions in the generation of membrane biopotentials were discovered by:
a - The potassium hypothesis by Julius Bernstein, in 1872 b - the sodium/potassium hypothesis, by Katz, Hodgkin and Huxley, around 1930 c - Both alternatives
4. Luigi Galvani was able to prove with absolute certainty with his experiments that animal electricity did exist, as opposed by Alessando Volta.
a - True b - False
5. What was the main contribution of Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond to nerve electrophysiology?
a - He demonstrated the existence of an electrical variation in nerves which follows its excitation by means of external stimuli b - He measured with good precision the duration and speed of the nerve action potentials c - He developed the first EEG equipment, with basis on his string galvanometer d - He proposed that the action potentials also occur in the neuron's cell body
6. Who was the first physiologist to measure the speed of propagation of excitation in a peripheral nerve?
a - Galvani b - Bernstein c - von Helmholtz d - Herbert Gasser e Joseph Erlanger
7. What animal gave to British, Canadian and American physiologists, and mainly to Hodgkin and Huxley the possibility to work with individual giant axons?
a - The squid b - The frog c - The whale d - The Aplysia
8. Hodgkin e Huxley have proposed, in the 1950s, a mathematical model for the role of sodium and potassium ions in the axon membrane potential that is largely valid today. What phenomena occur in the depolarization and repolarization phases of the action potential, respectively?
a - Sudden influx of potassium and graded outflux of sodium b - Sudden influx of sodium and graded outflux of potassium c - Graded influx of sodium and sudden outflux of potassium d - Graded influx of potassium and sudden outflux of sodium
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